{"id":7731,"date":"2026-10-28T11:41:17","date_gmt":"2026-10-28T03:41:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.unitecho.net\/?p=7731"},"modified":"2026-11-06T10:15:56","modified_gmt":"2026-11-06T02:15:56","slug":"sorting-accuracy-explained-ppm-false-reject-rate-and-yield","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.unitecho.net\/tr\/knowledge-news\/sorting-accuracy-explained-ppm-false-reject-rate-and-yield\/","title":{"rendered":"Ay\u0131klama Do\u011frulu\u011fu Nedir? PPM, Yanl\u0131\u015f Reddetme Oran\u0131 ve Verim"},"content":{"rendered":"

Sat\u0131n alma ekipleri kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma yapar optik ay\u0131rma makineleri<\/a> bir teklifte tek sat\u0131rda: y\u00fczde 99,9 veya daha y\u00fcksek do\u011fruluk oran\u0131. Fabrika ekipleri daha sonra, ayn\u0131 makinenin yakla\u015f\u0131k y\u00fczde 1'lik bir reddetme oran\u0131 bildirdi\u011fini, bu ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n sat\u0131labilir \u00fcr\u00fcn oldu\u011funu ve kartona ger\u00e7ekte ka\u00e7 kusurlu \u00fcr\u00fcn ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kimsenin bilemedi\u011fini fark eder. Bu fark\u0131n nedeni nadiren d\u00fcr\u00fcst olmayan bir tedarik\u00e7idir. Bu bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm sorunudur; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc ka\u00e7an kusurlar, kaybedilen iyi \u00fcr\u00fcnler ve verim, tek bir y\u00fczde rakam\u0131n\u0131n bir araya getirdi\u011fi \u00fc\u00e7 ayr\u0131 niceliktir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

PPM cinsinden ay\u0131rma do\u011frulu\u011fu, incelenen her bir milyon par\u00e7a ba\u015f\u0131na ay\u0131r\u0131c\u0131dan ge\u00e7en kusurlu par\u00e7a say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ifade eder ve ancak yanl\u0131\u015f reddetme oran\u0131 (yanl\u0131\u015fl\u0131kla d\u0131\u015far\u0131 at\u0131lan iyi par\u00e7alar\u0131n oran\u0131) ve verim (kabul ak\u0131\u015f\u0131na ula\u015fan iyi par\u00e7alar\u0131n oran\u0131) ile birlikte de\u011ferlendirildi\u011finde anlam kazan\u0131r. \u0130yi \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin y\u00fczde 0,2\u2019sini elerken 25 PPM\u2019lik bir ka\u00e7\u0131\u015f oran\u0131na sahip bir makine, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 eleme oran\u0131 neredeyse s\u0131f\u0131r olan ve 200 PPM\u2019lik bir ka\u00e7\u0131\u015f oran\u0131na sahip bir makineyle ayn\u0131 de\u011fildir; her ikisi de y\u00fczde 99,9 do\u011fruluk oran\u0131na sahip olarak sat\u0131lsa bile.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerde bu \u00fc\u00e7 rakam birbirinden ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmakta, her birinin normal \u00fcretim say\u0131mlar\u0131ndan nas\u0131l hesaplanaca\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6sterilmekte ve fabrika sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n neden nadiren sergi salonundaki sonu\u00e7larla \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015fmedi\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131klanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"800<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

PPM cinsinden s\u0131ralama do\u011frulu\u011fu asl\u0131nda neyi \u00f6l\u00e7er?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

PPM cinsinden do\u011fruluk, incelenen her bir milyon par\u00e7a ba\u015f\u0131na mutlak say\u0131 olarak ifade edilen bir kusur oran\u0131d\u0131r; bu sayede y\u00fczde de\u011feri, hacimle \u00e7arp\u0131labilen, malzeme maliyetine g\u00f6re fiyatland\u0131r\u0131labilen ve m\u00fc\u015fterinin kabul s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilen bir miktara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr. Y\u00fcksek hacimli tedarik\u00e7iler tam da bu nedenle bu birimi benimsemi\u015ftir: Y\u00fczdeler, ilgi \u00e7ekici aral\u0131\u011f\u0131 iki ondal\u0131k basama\u011fa s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r; bu durumda 99,9 ile 99,99 neredeyse ayn\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrken, ka\u00e7an kusurlar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan on kat fark vard\u0131r.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Y\u00fczde de\u011feri neden sorunu gizler?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Y\u00fczde 99,9 do\u011fruluk iddias\u0131, m\u00fckemmelli\u011fe \u00e7ok yak\u0131n bir rakam gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor. Bu ayn\u0131 zamanda, sevk edilen her bir milyon par\u00e7ada 1.000 kusurlu par\u00e7a oldu\u011fu anlam\u0131na gelir; ya da y\u0131lda yirmi milyon par\u00e7a denetleyen bir tesis i\u00e7in yirmi bin kusurlu par\u00e7an\u0131n kontrol\u00fcnden ka\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelir. Bu rakam, kusurlu par\u00e7alar\u0131n ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, nakliye masraflar\u0131 ve performans de\u011ferlendirme g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerine yol a\u00e7ar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Belirtilen do\u011fruluk<\/td>Ka\u00e7\u0131\u015f oran\u0131<\/td>Ka\u00e7an milyonda bir<\/td><\/tr>
y\u00fczde 99<\/td>y\u00fczde 1<\/td>10,000<\/td><\/tr>
y\u00fczde 99,9<\/td>y\u00fczde 0,1<\/td>1,000<\/td><\/tr>
y\u00fczde 99,99<\/td>y\u00fczde 0,01<\/td>100<\/td><\/tr>
y\u00fczde 99,999<\/td>y\u00fczde 0,001<\/td>10<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Birimin tan\u0131m\u0131, \u015fu standart referans belgesinde yer almaktad\u0131r: par\u00e7a ba\u015f\u0131na g\u00f6sterimi<\/a>, ve 1 PPM y\u00fczde 0,0001\u2019e e\u015fittir; dolay\u0131s\u0131yla her ondal\u0131k basamak ger\u00e7ek paraya kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Form\u00fcl ve i\u015faret edebilece\u011fi iki y\u00f6n<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

PPM\u2019deki do\u011fruluk, bir milyona \u00f6l\u00e7eklendirilmi\u015f bir orand\u0131r; ancak bir ay\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 iki \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00fcretir ve pay\u0131n se\u00e7imi, hangi riskin tan\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirler. Kabul edilen ak\u0131\u015f \u00fczerinden hesaplanan Ka\u00e7\u0131\u015f PPM\u2019si, makineden \u00e7\u0131kan kusurlar\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7er ve m\u00fc\u015fterilerin deneyimledi\u011fi durum budur. Reddedilen ak\u0131\u015f \u00fczerinden hesaplanan Reddedilen PPM, ger\u00e7ek kusurlar\u0131 kusursuz \u00fcr\u00fcnlerle kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r ve bu nedenle tek ba\u015f\u0131na do\u011fruluk hakk\u0131nda hi\u00e7bir bilgi vermez. Besleme ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00fczerinden hesaplanan A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 \u0130mha PPM\u2019si, denetlenen her milyon par\u00e7a ba\u015f\u0131na imha edilen kusursuz par\u00e7alar\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7er; bu, fabrikan\u0131n maliyeti olan k\u0131s\u0131md\u0131r. Temeli belirtilmeden verilen tek bir PPM rakam\u0131, bir spesifikasyon de\u011fil, bir slogand\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hedefler, yaln\u0131zca denetim \u00e7abas\u0131ndan ziyade s\u00fcre\u00e7 yetkinli\u011fini de ifade eder. 64 PPM\u2019lik bir kusur seviyesi, 1,33\u2019l\u00fck bir yetkinlik endeksine kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelir; 0,6 PPM ise 1,66\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelir. NIST\/SEMATECH\u2019in proses yetkinli\u011fi el kitab\u0131<\/a>. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, 20 PPM hedefi, s\u0131ralay\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n kendisiyle ilgili oldu\u011fu kadar, s\u0131ralay\u0131c\u0131ya malzeme besleyen s\u00fcre\u00e7le de ilgili bir iddiad\u0131r; zira makine, yaln\u0131zca optik sisteminin alg\u0131lad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve iticilerinin ula\u015fabildi\u011fi nesneleri ay\u0131klayabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

PPM, yanl\u0131\u015f reddetme oran\u0131 ve verim aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

PPM, yanl\u0131\u015f reddetme oran\u0131 ve verim, tek bir denetim kararlar\u0131 k\u00fcmesinin \u00fc\u00e7 farkl\u0131 g\u00f6stergesidir; bu nedenle bu g\u00f6stergeler bir arada de\u011ferlendirilmelidir, zira bunlardan herhangi birinin iyile\u015ftirilmesi, di\u011fer ikisinin fark edilmeden bozulmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7abilir. Alg\u0131lama b\u00f6lgesinden ge\u00e7en her par\u00e7a, d\u00f6rt kategoriden tam olarak birine girer ve her kategorinin farkl\u0131 bir sorumlusu ve farkl\u0131 bir maliyeti vard\u0131r.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Her denetim karar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00f6rt sonucu<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
S\u0131ralay\u0131c\u0131 karar\u0131<\/td>K\u0131smen iyi<\/td>Par\u00e7a ar\u0131zal\u0131<\/td><\/tr>
D\u0131\u015far\u0131 at\u0131ld\u0131<\/td>Yanl\u0131\u015f reddetme ya da a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 tepki. \u00dcretici maliyeti.<\/td>Do\u011fru reddetme<\/td><\/tr>
Kabul edildi<\/td>Do\u011fru, kabul ediyorum<\/td>Ka\u00e7\u0131\u015f ya da yanl\u0131\u015f kabul. M\u00fc\u015fteri masraf\u0131.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ki hata h\u00fccresini tek bir do\u011fruluk y\u00fczdesine indirgemek, m\u00fckemmel alg\u0131lama yetene\u011fine sahip ancak a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 alg\u0131lama performans\u0131 zay\u0131f bir makinenin, tam tersi \u00f6zelliklere sahip bir makineyle e\u015fde\u011fermi\u015f gibi pazarlanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. Hatalar ayr\u0131ca ayarlamalara farkl\u0131 tepkiler verir: E\u015fi\u011fin s\u0131k\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, ka\u00e7\u0131rma oran\u0131n\u0131 neredeyse bire bir oran\u0131nda a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 alg\u0131lama ile de\u011fi\u015ftirirken, daha iyi optik sistemler, ayd\u0131nlatma veya par\u00e7a aral\u0131klar\u0131 her ikisini de ayn\u0131 anda azaltabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dc\u00e7 form\u00fcl<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Reddedilen par\u00e7alar kutusundan \u00e7\u0131kan par\u00e7alar fiziksel olarak yeniden incelendikten ve s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra, bu \u00fc\u00e7 g\u00f6sterge de say\u0131m sonu\u00e7lar\u0131ndan elde edilir ve ayn\u0131 payda mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 payla\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in birbirleriyle tutarl\u0131 hale gelir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n